RBI Grade B Current Affairs — 20 September 2026

RBI and SEBI are jointly considering a regulatory framework for digital gold, a product currently sold by fintech platforms without oversight from either regulator. The key proposal under discussion is mandatory physical gold backing, meaning each unit of digital gold sold must be supported by equivalent physical gold held in trust. Consumer protection concerns have driven the push, as digital gold currently occupies a regulatory gap between banking, securities, and commodity markets.

Digital gold allows retail investors to buy fractions of gold online, with platforms like MMTC-PAMP, SafeGold, and Augmont acting as sellers and custodians. Unlike Sovereign Gold Bonds (regulated by RBI) or Gold ETFs (regulated by SEBI), digital gold platforms currently operate without a designated regulator — a structural gap that creates consumer risk.

The proposed physical gold backing requirement addresses the core concern: that a platform could sell more digital gold than it physically holds, exposing investors to counterparty risk if the platform fails. This is analogous to fractional reserve concerns in banking, but applied to commodity-backed digital instruments.

The jurisdictional question is significant. Gold as a commodity falls under the Forward Markets Commission's successor, SEBI (which merged with FMC in 2015). Gold as a store of value or savings instrument touches RBI's mandate. Digital gold straddles both, which is why both regulators are at the table.

For exam purposes, this event tests understanding of regulatory perimeters — which regulator governs which financial instrument — and the concept of asset backing in financial products. The Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) comparison is especially important: SGBs are government securities issued by RBI, carry sovereign guarantee, and pay 2.5% annual interest, while digital gold is none of these things. Gold ETFs, by contrast, are SEBI-regulated mutual fund units backed by physical gold held by a custodian — exactly the model regulators appear to want digital gold platforms to adopt.

JioBlackRock Mutual Fund has filed a draft document with SEBI to launch an Income Plus Arbitrage Omni Fund of Funds (FoF). The proposed scheme will invest across debt-oriented funds and arbitrage funds rather than directly in securities. This is a hybrid product designed to offer relatively stable returns with lower tax drag compared to pure debt funds. JioBlackRock is a joint venture between Reliance Industries' Jio Financial Services and global asset manager BlackRock.

A Fund of Funds (FoF) is a mutual fund that invests in units of other mutual fund schemes rather than directly in stocks, bonds, or money market instruments. The 'Income Plus Arbitrage' construction is a specific regulatory category under SEBI's mutual fund product categorisation framework.

Arbitrage funds exploit price differences between the cash and futures segments of equity markets. Because they are classified as equity-oriented for tax purposes (they maintain at least 65% in equity and equity-related instruments including arbitrage positions), they attract more favourable short-term capital gains tax rates than debt funds — 20% STCG versus the slab rate applicable to debt funds held under 24 months after the 2023 amendment.

An 'Income Plus Arbitrage' FoF blends allocation between arbitrage funds (equity-taxed) and debt-oriented funds to create a product that sits in a middle ground — moderately liquid, relatively low-risk, and with a tax profile that can be more efficient than a pure debt fund depending on holding period and investor bracket.

The 'Omni' tag signals the fund manager's discretion to dynamically allocate across multiple underlying funds within these categories rather than a fixed single-scheme mandate.

For SEBI, any new fund category or sub-variant must pass through the draft scheme document (DSP) filing and SEBI observation letter process before a New Fund Offer (NFO) can open. JioBlackRock, having received its mutual fund licence in 2024, is in its early product-building phase, making this filing a significant market entry signal.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi, speaking at an international conference on environment and climate dynamics, stated that India's per capita carbon emissions are less than half of the global average. The claim underscores India's longstanding position in climate negotiations: that a country hosting 17% of the world's population has contributed disproportionately little to cumulative greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore deserves policy space for development while pursuing clean energy transitions.

India's argument in global climate negotiations consistently rests on the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities' (CBDR-RC), enshrined in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Per capita emissions are the moral cornerstone of this argument. While India is the world's third-largest absolute emitter of CO₂, its per capita emissions remain far below the global average — and far below developed nations like the United States or Australia — because of its large population and historically low industrialisation.

The global average per capita CO₂ emission is approximately 4.7 tonnes per person per year. India's figure hovers around 1.9–2.0 tonnes, confirming the 'less than half' claim. The US emits roughly 14–15 tonnes per capita, and China around 8 tonnes.

This statistical reality shapes India's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement. India's updated NDC (submitted 2022) targets: reducing emissions intensity of GDP by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030; achieving 50% of cumulative electric power from non-fossil sources by 2030; and creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent through forest and tree cover by 2030. India also pledged net zero emissions by 2070.

For exam aspirants, the per capita framing is directly tested — examiners use it to assess whether aspirants understand the equity dimension of climate finance and the difference between absolute and per capita emissions rankings.

Groww Mutual Fund has filed a draft document with SEBI to launch India's first Sugar and Ethanol Index Fund, tracking the Nifty Sugar and Ethanol Index. The move follows growing policy momentum around ethanol blending in fuel, with India targeting 20% blending by 2025. The fund would give retail investors passive exposure to sugar and ethanol sector stocks. This is a thematic index fund, not an ETF, making it a notable first in the passive fund category.

An Index Fund is a passively managed mutual fund that replicates the composition and returns of a specific market index. Unlike actively managed funds where a fund manager picks stocks, an index fund simply mirrors the index, keeping costs (expense ratio) low. The Nifty Sugar and Ethanol Index is a relatively new sectoral index launched by NSE Indices, comprising companies engaged in sugar manufacturing and ethanol production.

Ethanol blending is a key government policy: India has set a target of 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2025-26 (E20), promoted under the National Biofuel Policy 2018. Sugar mills are the primary suppliers of ethanol, creating a direct policy-driven linkage between the two sectors. This makes a thematic fund tracking both sectors relevant to India's energy transition story.

For SEBI regulation, any new mutual fund scheme launch requires filing a Scheme Information Document (SID) draft with SEBI, followed by a 21-day public comment period, after which SEBI may grant an observation letter permitting the NFO (New Fund Offer). A thematic or sectoral index fund is classified under the SEBI Mutual Fund Categorisation circular, which limits AMCs to one fund per category to prevent duplication — but sectoral/thematic funds are exempt from this single-scheme-per-category rule, allowing multiple thematic offerings.

For exam purposes, understand that passive funds tracking sectoral indices represent a growing product class under SEBI's mutual fund framework, and the regulatory pathway (draft SID → SEBI observation → NFO) is a tested sequence.