The Constitution (One Hundred and Thirty-First Amendment) Bill, providing one-third reservation for women in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, failed to pass in Lok Sabha. The Bill required a special majority under Article 368 — two-thirds of members present and voting, plus majority of total membership. Linked to the delimitation exercise for implementation, the Bill's failure revives debate on the 108th Amendment Bill introduced in 2008 and the Women's Reservation Act 2023, which itself awaits delimitation before activation.

Women's reservation in Parliament has a tortured legislative history. The first serious attempt was the 81st Constitutional Amendment Bill in 1996 under the Deve Gowda government. Successive efforts — the 84th Amendment Bill (1998), 85th (1999), and 108th Amendment Bill (2008, passed in Rajya Sabha but lapsed in Lok Sabha) — all failed. The breakthrough appeared to come with the Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023 — the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam — which inserted Articles 330A and 332A, reserving one-third seats for women in Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, and Delhi Assembly. Critically, that Act has a deferred commencement clause: reservation activates only after the first delimitation exercise conducted after the Act's commencement and after a census. This structural delay is the constitutional trap the examiner loves to test. The now-failed 131st Amendment Bill was apparently a separate or successor attempt — its failure resets the clock. For CLAT PG, the key doctrinal questions are: (1) What special majority is required under Article 368 for constitutional amendments affecting representation? (2) Can Parliament create a class-within-a-class reservation for women within already reserved SC/ST seats — permissible under Articles 15(3) and 16? (3) Does the deferred commencement constitute a colourable exercise of power? For UPSC CSE, the factual chain — Article numbers, amendment numbers, years, and the delimitation-census linkage — is the core testable territory.